Reliability testing on stretchable electronics:printed conductors under strain

Abstract. The aim of stretchable electronics research is to develop stretchable circuit boards and devices that can replace today’s hard and rigid circuit boards and devices. Stretching would allow for more comfortable, flexible and stretchable devices. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the properties of printed conductors on a stretched substrate, the requirements for testing, and to produce a device for stretch testing which meets desired requirements. The properties of the printed conductor are influenced by the used fabrication technique and the drying times, as well as materials such as printing ink and substrate. The properties affect the reliability and durability of the conductor, for example, failure mechanisms such as cracking and delamination of the conductor. Requirements for the test device is 1 % accuracy as a standard for the measuring instrument, which was achieved for the measuring instruments in this thesis. With the test apparatus implemented in the thesis, the stretchability limit test was performed on samples made using silk screen printing. The samples used five different printing inks, six drying times, three substrate thicknesses, four wire patterns and horizontal and vertical printing directions. The best wire pattern for the stretchability limit test was the U-shaped conductor. The horizontal printing direction was better than the vertical and the thickest 150 µm substrate was better than thinner ones. The second cyclic stretchability test performed by the test device was performed on samples with the evenly performed ink in the stretchability limit test. The measurement was performed on ten identical samples giving very similar results, which were made using the roll-to-roll technique. Based on the first test, the samples were horizontally printed on a 150 µm substrate, and the wire was U-shaped. All samples failed between 111–168 cycles when limit of failure was 100 Ω average resistance per cycle. Based on the Weibull distribution of the results, 63.2% of the tested samples failed at cycle 149.Venyvän elektroniikan luotettavuustestausta : painetut johtimet venytyksessä. Tiivistelmä. Venyvän elektroniikan tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kehittää venyviä alustoja ja venyviä laitteita, joilla voidaan korvata kovia ja kiinteitä nykypäivän piirilevyjä ja laitteita. Venyvyys mahdollistaisi mukavampien, taipuisien ja venyvien laitteiden valmistamisen. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on perehtyä venyvälle substraatille painetun johtimen ominaisuuksiin, testauksen vaatimuksiin ja toteuttaa vaatimusten mukainen laite venytystestaukseen. Painetun johtimen ominaisuuksiin vaikuttavat käytetyt valmistusmenetelmät ja kuivausajat sekä materiaalit kuten painomuste ja substraatti. Ominaisuudet vaikuttavat johtimen luotettavuuteen ja kestävyyteen, esimerkiksi vikaantumismekanismeihin, kuten johtimen halkeiluun ja delaminoitumiseen. Testilaitteen vaatimuksena käytetään standardeissa mittalaitteille vaadittua 1 % tarkkuutta, minkä tutkielmassa toteutettu mittalaite täyttää kaikilta osin. Tutkielmassa toteutetulla testilaitteella suoritettiin maksimivenymän testi tasosilkillä valmistetulle näytteille. Näytteissä käytettiin viittä eri painomustetta, kuutta kuivausaikaa, kolmea substraatin paksuutta, neljää johdinkuviota, sekä horisontaalista että vertikaalista painosuuntaa. Painokuvioista parhaiten maksimivenymän testissä kesti U-muotoinen johdin, horisontaalinen painosuunta oli vertikaalista parempi ja paksuin 150 µm substraatti ohuempia parempi. Testilaitteella toteutettu toinen syklisen venytyksen kesto mittaus suoritettiin maksimivenymän testissä tasaisimmin suoriutuneelle musteelle. Mittaus suoritettiin kymmenelle identtiselle roll-to-roll menetelmällä valmistetulle näytteelle, joista saatiin hyvin tasaiset tulokset. Näytteet olivat ensimmäisen testin perusteella horisontaalisesti 150 µm substraatille painettuja ja johdin oli U-muotoinen. Kaikki näytteet vikaantuivat 111–168 syklien välissä, kun vikaantumisen määritelmä oli syklin keskimääräisen resistanssin ylittäminen 100 Ω raja-arvon. Tuloksista muodostetun Weibullin jakauman perusteella testatun kaltaisista näytteistä 63,2 prosenttia on vikaantunut 149 syklin kohdalla

“I don’t know what’s going on here, but... let’s go, Kasuga!”:localisation of humor in the game Yakuza: Like a Dragon — a transcreative approach

Abstract. Yakuza, domestically known as Ryū Ga Gotoku (龍が如く), has become a globally beloved roleplaying action game series, heralded by many as some of Japan’s most entertaining video game storytelling. This study aims to provide a further look into the latest release in the series, Yakuza: Like a Dragon (2020), to showcase how the game localises its humor to Western audiences in English. The localisation is examined through a comparative analysis of a selection of the game’s dialogues, where the Japanese dub, the English subtitles that accompany the Japanese dub, as well as the fully English dub are compared to find and analyse differences. Due to humor being the focus of the study, the examples chosen for closer analysis have been selected based on humorous content and context. As the method of analysis, a translation approach known as transcreation is used, where the translator not only translates the source text but utilizes completely new solutions to best communicate the original intent of the source language in the target language. The study proposes that the transcreation of humor appears in the dialogues of Like a Dragon through three separate categories: transcreated spoken language forms, transcreated swearing, and transcreated delivery of humor.Huumorin lokalisaatio pelissä Yakuza: Like a Dragon uudelleenkirjoittamisen näkökulmasta. Tiivistelmä. Yakuza, kotimaassaan Japanissa Ryū Ga Gotoku-nimellä tunnettu pelisarja, on viime vuosina saavuttanut globaalia suosiota ja ylistystä, niin uusilta pelaajilta kuin myös roolipelien pitkäaikaisilta ystäviltä. Tämä opinnäytetyö pyrkii tarkastelemaan pelisarjan uusinta julkaisua, Yakuza: Like a Dragonia (2020), ja määrittelemään, millä tavoin peli lokalisoi dialogeissaan esiintyvää huumoria länsimaisille yleisöille englanninkielisten käännöstensä kautta. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä teoriana käytetään ns. uudelleenkirjoittamisen käsitettä (engl. transcreation) jossa kääntäjä sekä kääntää tekstiä että luo uutta sisältöä. Like a Dragonin lokalisaatiota tarkastellaan vertailevan analyysin avulla, jossa alkuperäinen japaninkielinen dubbaus, japaninkielistä dubbausta edustavat englanninkieliset tekstitykset sekä täysin englanninkielinen pelin dubbaus asetetaan rinnakkain eroavaisuuksien poimimista varten. Koska tutkimuksen painopisteenä on huumori, analysoitava sisältö ja tutkimuksessa käytetyt esimerkit on valittu pelin erinäisistä kohdista, joissa huumoria esiintyy. Vertaileva analyysi osoittaa, että uudelleenkirjoittamista esiintyy pelin lokalisoiduissa dialogeissa eri tavoin huumorin viestimiseksi. Tavat, joilla uudelleenkirjoitus esiintyy, on jaoteltu analyysissä kolmeen eri kategoriaan: uudelleenkirjoitettu puhuttu kieli, uudelleenkirjoitettu kiroilu, sekä uudelleenkirjoitettu huumorin välitys

Ternary nucleation of H_2SO_4, NH_3 and H_2O

A classical theory of the ternary homogeneous nucleation of sulfuric acid—ammonia—water is presented. For NH3 mixing ratios exceeding 1 ppt, the presence of ammonia enhances the binary (sulfuric acid—water) nucleation rate by several orders of magnitude. However, the limiting component for ternary nucleation—as for binary nucleation—is sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid concentration needed for significant ternary nucleation is several orders of magnitude below that required in binary case

Injecting Lexical Contrast into Word Vectors by Guiding Vector Space Specialisation

Word vector space specialisation models offer a portable, light-weight approach to fine-tuning arbitrary distributional vector spaces to discern between synonymy and antonymy. Their effectiveness is drawn from external linguistic constraints that specify the exact lexical relation between words. In this work, we show that a careful selection of the external constraints can steer and improve the specialisation. By simply selecting appropriate constraints, we report state-of-the-art results on a suite of tasks with well-defined benchmarks where modeling lexical contrast is crucial: 1) true semantic similarity, with highest reported scores on SimLex-999 and SimVerb-3500 to date; 2) detecting antonyms; and 3) distinguishing antonyms from synonyms

Practical Aspects of Value Efficiency Analysis

In this paper, we consider practical aspects for measuring Value Efficiency in Envelopment Analyis. Value efficiency is an efficiency concept that takes into account the decision maker's preferences.It was developed by Halme, Joro, Korhonen, Salo and Wallenius [1998]. The decision maker is asumed to compare alternatives using an implicitly known value function which reaches its maximum at the most preferred point on the efficient frontier. The unknown value function is assumed to be pseudoconcave and strictly increasing for outputs and strictly decreasing for inputs. The purpose of value effiiency analysis is to estimate a need to increase outputs and/or decrease inputs for reaching the indifference contour of the value function at the optimum. Because the value function is unknown, the indifference contours cannot be defined precisely. Value efficiency analysis never results in more pessimistic evaluation than in the case of a known function. To carry out value efficiency analysis, we have to locate the most preferred solution of the decision maker. In practice, this phase cannot be too complicated. We propose a few alternative ways to locate it and discuss the use of those ways in practical application

A systematic study of leveraging subword information for learning word representations

The use of subword-level information (e.g., characters, character n-grams, morphemes) has become ubiquitous in modern word representation learning. Its importance is attested especially for morphologically rich languages which generate a large number of rare words. Despite a steadily increasing interest in such subword-informed word representations, their systematic comparative analysis across typologically diverse languages and different tasks is still missing. In this work, we deliver such a study focusing on the variation of two crucial components required for subword-level integration into word representation models: 1) segmentation of words into subword units, and 2) subword composition functions to obtain final word representations. We propose a general framework for learning subword-informed word representations that allows for easy experimentation with different segmentation and composition components, also including more advanced techniques based on position embeddings and self-attention. Using the unified framework, we run experiments over a large number of subword-informed word representation configurations (60 in total) on 3 tasks (general and rare word similarity, dependency parsing, fine-grained entity typing) for 5 languages representing 3 language types. Our main results clearly indicate that there is no ``one-size-fits-all'' configuration, as performance is both language- and task-dependent. We also show that configurations based on unsupervised segmentation (e.g., BPE, Morfessor) are sometimes comparable to or even outperform the ones based on supervised word segmentation

Abundance analysis, spectral variability, and search for the presence of a magnetic field in the typical PGa star HD19400

The aim of this study is to carry out an abundance determination, to search for spectral variability and for the presence of a weak magnetic field in the typical PGa star HD19400. High-resolution, high signal-to-noise HARPS spectropolarimetric observations of HD19400 were obtained at three different epochs in 2011 and 2013. For the first time, we present abundances of various elements determined using an ATLAS12 model, including the abundances of a number of elements not analysed by previous studies, such as Ne I, Ga II, and Xe II. Several lines of As II are also present in the spectra of HD19400. To study the variability, we compared the behaviour of the line profiles of various elements. We report on the first detection of anomalous shapes of line profiles belonging to Mn and Hg, and the variability of the line profiles belonging to the elements Hg, P, Mn, Fe, and Ga. We suggest that the variability of the line profiles of these elements is caused by their non-uniform surface distribution, similar to the presence of chemical spots detected in HgMn stars. The search for the presence of a magnetic field was carried out using the moment technique and the SVD method. Our measurements of the magnetic field with the moment technique using 22 Mn II lines indicate the potential existence of a weak variable longitudinal magnetic field on the first epoch. The SVD method applied to the Mn II lines indicates =-76+-25G on the first epoch, and at the same epoch the SVD analysis of the observations using the Fe II lines shows =-91+-35G. The calculated false alarm probability values, 0.008 and 0.003, respectively, are above the value 10^{-3}, indicating no detection.Comment: 13+6 pages, 14 figures, 6+1 tables, including the online-only material, accepted for publication in MNRA

A search for flares and mass ejections on young late-type stars in the open cluster Blanco-1

We present a search for stellar activity (flares and mass ejections) in a sample of 28 stars in the young open cluster Blanco-1. We use optical spectra obtained with ESO's VIMOS multi-object spectrograph installed on the VLT. From the total observing time of $\sim$ 5 hours, we find four H$\alpha$ flares but no distinct indication of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on the investigated dK-dM stars. Two flares show "dips" in their light-curves right before their impulsive phases which are similar to previous discoveries in photometric light-curves of active dMe stars. We estimate an upper limit of $<$4 CMEs per day per star and discuss this result with respect to a semi- empirical estimation of the CME rate of main-sequence stars. We find that we should have detected at least one CME per star with a mass of 1-15$\times10^{16}$ g depending on the star's X-ray luminosity, but the estimated H$\alpha$ fluxes associated with these masses are below the detection limit of our observations. We conclude that the parameter which mainly influences the detection of stellar CMEs using the method of Doppler-shifted emission caused by moving plasma is not the spectral resolution or velocity but the flux or mass of the CME.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, accepted 2014 June 10, received 2014 June 5, in original form 2014 March 24, 14 pages, 5 figure

Investigating cross-lingual alignment methods for contextualized embeddings with Token-level evaluation

In this paper, we present a thorough investigation on methods that align pre-trained contextualized embeddings into shared cross-lingual context-aware embedding space, providing strong reference benchmarks for future context-aware crosslingual models. We propose a novel and challenging task, Bilingual Token-level Sense Retrieval (BTSR). It specifically evaluates the accurate alignment of words with the same meaning in cross-lingual non-parallel contexts, currently not evaluated by existing tasks such as Bilingual Contextual Word Similarity and Sentence Retrieval. We show how the proposed BTSR task highlights the merits of different alignment methods. In particular, we find that using context average type-level alignment is effective in transferring monolingual contextualized embeddings cross-lingually especially in non-parallel contexts, and at the same time improves the monolingual space. Furthermore, aligning independently trained models yields better performance than aligning multilingual embeddings with shared vocabulary.Peterhouse College Studentship; ERC Consolidator Grant LEXICA

Enhancing biomedical word embeddings by retrofitting to verb clusters

Verbs play a fundamental role in many biomedical tasks and applications such as relation and event extraction. We hypothesize that performance on many downstream tasks can be improved by aligning the input pretrained embeddings according to semantic verb classes. In this work, we show that by using semantic clusters for verbs, a large lexicon of verb classes derived from biomedical literature, we are able to improve the performance of common pretrained embeddings in downstream tasks by retrofitting them to verb classes. We present a simple and computationally efficient approach using a widely available “off-theshelf” retrofitting algorithm to align pretrained embeddings according to semantic verb clusters. We achieve state-of-the-art results on text classification and relation extraction tasks